Descartes Surprise Ending in Discourse on Method

In one of the most influential books in the history of Western philosophy, Rene Descartes outlines a method mental reasoning, which he applies to a wide variety of fields and intellectual endeavors. For the first few books of Discourse on the Method, Descartes outlines first how the method came about as he was a pupil at school and had the realization that he was not actually learning anything important. He was therefore motivated to discover what truly constituted learning, knowledge, and truth. The philosopher can do this by doubting everything first. By doubting, he can use reason to discern what is real from unreal. Doubting is the focus of Book Two of Discourse on the Method. The method that Descartes applies to fields like geometry, which the author points out in Book Two. His doubting is more personal in Book Three. The surprise ending to Discourse on the Method comes when suddenly Descartes is no longer doubting something. He spends so much time in the first three books on doubting information, and letting go of his beliefs, that when he launches into his cogito ergo sum assertion, it comes to the reader as a great surprise. The surprise ending is that Descartes finds the first thing he cannot doubt, which is the fact that he exists. His existence is something that cannot be doubted, or else it would create a metaphysical conundrum: it is not possible to even think about doubting without first existing. The smallest thought cannot come from nothingness, and so,Show MoreRelatedAnalyzing the Surprise Ending in Descartes Discourse on the Method and the Meditations1051 Words   |  4 PagesSurprise Ending in Descartes In the book Discourses on the Method and the Meditations, author Rene Descartes famously questions the existence of humanity. His most famous quotation, the one for whom he is most remembered is I think therefore I am (Descartes 11). According to this idea, so long as a being has the ability to think then they existed. Animals have brains and therefore they must exist. In order to truly, exist, to be a thinking entity, a person or organism must utilize the abilityRead MoreDescartes and the Existence of God751 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Descartes: The existence of God Over the course of his treatise Discourse on the Method, the philosopher Rene Descartes attempts to refute radical skepticism, or the idea that we can know nothing with the mind, because what we consider reality may simply be a delusion or a dream. Descartes begins, however, by taking a posture of doubting everything, and then attempting to discern what could be known for certain. Rather than attempting to affirm his existence, I thought that a procedure exactlyRead MoreAnalysis of Descartes Argument788 Words   |  3 Pageswords) which analyzes the surprise ending of the reading selection.? Reading selection from Descartes Discourse on the Method (Part IV). Descartes begins with the problem of being able to prove his own existence but ends up with an argument proving the existence of God. Read more about the Discourse on the Method located at HYPERLINK http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/descdisc.pdf http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/descdisc.pdf. In his Discourse on the Method, Descartes essentially asked hisRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagestranslate Greimas s concept of actant is misleading and actant is usually kept (see Ducrà ´t and Todorov, Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of Language, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979, p. 224), and discours image when translated as image discourse is not very clear, since it is referring to film, which is made up of images. The following rough spots occur only once each: Unusual (p. 5) translates weakly insolite, which has also the connotation of strange, disquieting, surprising, unexpectedRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages.......................................................................... 169 Unintended Innuendo ....................................................................................................................... 172 Disobeying Rules of Discourse......................................................................................................... 173 Not Sticking to the Issue and Not Treating It Fairly ..................................................................... 174 Not Accepting

Smoking Tobacco Is The Leading Cause Of Death Worldwide

Smoking is one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. It affects the body by damaging major organs and arteries. People that smoke are often at a greater risk of having heart related and respiratory issues than nonsmokers. Tobacco products such as, snuff and chewing tobacco also contribute to similar health issues and risk. The idea of banning smoking and tobacco products is great because it could prevent millions of deaths yearly. There are many different negative side effects that come along with the use and smoking of tobacco. Smoking tobacco is often referred to as a â€Å"slow death†, because it shortens a person’s life expectancy. The use of tobacco often leads to many different health related risk and issues. Lung cancer is a major long-term effect of smoking cigarettes and similar tobacco products. Smoking 2-3 cigarettes daily can cause cardiovascular disease, which is the leading cause of death in the United States. The narrowing of blood vessel s that lead to major organs are also a health issue due to excessive smoking. High blood pressure and increased heart rate is due to the constriction of blood vessels caused by smoking. Often times smoking leads to strokes, which occur from the clotting of blood inside of the body. Major blood flow is reduced by the blockage caused by tobacco smoking. Smoking can harm almost every organ and slowly deteriorates your overall health. There are negative effects from tobacco use to pregnant women, and evenShow MoreRelatedThe Leading Causes Of Lung Cancer1350 Words   |  6 PagesSeptember 2, 2014 The Leading Causes of Lung Cancer State Standard: 6.4.A Cancer is a disease that plagues millions of people annually (â€Å"Lung†). Lung cancer develops when healthy cells in the lungs are compromised by chemicals, pathogens, or radiation (Henderson). In the early twentieth century, before cigarette smoking and toxic man-made air pollutants became more commonplace, lung cancer was relatively rare (Henderson). It is now the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, resulting in an estimatedRead MoreLung Cancer : Causes And Effects1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in the United States and worldwide is lung cancer. Lung cancer is responsible for thirty percent of cancer deaths in the United States. The deaths caused by breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer combined do not add up to the deaths that lung cancer causes. In 2007, 158,683 people, 88,243 men and 70,354 women died from lung cancer in the United States (Eldridge, 2012). Out of the 158,683 people that died from lung cancer in 2007, 135Read MoreSmoking Cigarettes Should Be Legal1219 Words   |  5 Pagesthe audience that smoking is okay because doctors are promoting that it is good for you, and it will even enhance your life; however, this is not true. Back then, people thought that smoking a cigarette was not harmful. But in actuality, over the years, it has been found that smoking is harmful to one’s self, and potentially lead to serious complications. The advertisement I chose, More Doctors Smoke Camels than any other Cigarettes, was created in 1946 by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (More DoctorsRead MoreSmoking in the United States Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesSmoking is on the rise with adults and teenagers. Nearly twenty-one percent of adults smoke cigarettes, and twenty percent of teenagers smoke in the United States of America. Smoking has many negative effects, but also a few positive effects. However, the positive effects are outweighed by the negative effects. In June 19, 1986, anti-smoking activists were trying to pass a bill in New York that would restrict smoking in restaurants and other public areas, the first major action ever taken by NewRead MoreBan On Advertising For Tobacco Smoking901 Words   |  4 Pagesadvertising for tobacco smoking. On Feb 6, 2001, the Government of India announced they would impose a ban on advertising for tobacco smoking. Healthcare reports identified smoking tobacco was the leading cause of preventable deaths. Smoking tobacco caused cancer, lung disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The increase in illness and death related to tobacco smoking prompted the Indian Government to propose a ban of all forms of tobacco advertisingRead MoreTobacco Kills One Person Every Six Seconds (Sahil). The1678 Words   |  7 Pages Tobacco kills one person every six seconds (Sahil). The use of tobacco has been around for many years, and it seems only to be getting wor se. The human body is affected in an abundance of ways due to the abuse of tobacco products. If individuals would stop the use of tobacco, this would help prevent many diseases, negative health consequences and possibly early death according to their age. Tobacco use is a problem because, it causes numerous health effects on individuals, such as addiction, birthRead MoreBanning Cigarettes : Symbolic Inhalation Of Death1406 Words   |  6 PagesDones Mrs. Nellon Am. Lit. Per.1 13 July, 2015 Banning Cigarettes Cigarettes the symbolic inhalation of death that fills our bodies with the relief of self imposed stresses of life; to make easier a journey by bringing a certain end closer with each breath; but do we even care? Do we even care about our well-being? Do we even care about the environment? Do we really want our children smoking cigarettes? Don’t you want to live long enough to see your grandchildren grow up. Seeing them take theirRead MoreSmoking is a Major Public Health Problem732 Words   |  3 PagesSmoking Issues Smoking is worldwide problem. It has been proved by many studies to be harmful and deadly. â€Å"In the United States alone, more than 440,000 people die annually from the effects of smoking. (The Effects of Smoking). There are several negative effects of smoking on the health and the environment. Health Issues Smoking is a major public health problem. According to the Surgeon General’s report, some of the hazard effects of tobacco smoke are directly related to the more than 7,000 chemicalsRead MoreMorbidity: Lung Cancer1672 Words   |  7 Pagestissue. The main causes that contribute to lung cancer include inhaling carcinogens (basically, smoking), exposure to ionizing radiation, viral infections and even air pollution. These factors basically damage the tissues lining the bronchi in the lung, leading the cancer to develop further (Vaporciyan Nesbitt JC, 2000). Primary lung cancers that develop in the epithelial tissues of the lung are known as carcinomas and claim the top spot in terms of leading cancer-related death causes. As of 2004,Read MoreThe Effects Of Smoking On The Us, Britain And Russia968 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is a major cause of several deadly diseases and deaths worldwide. It is also the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Smoking is now considered deplorable due to the increasing understanding of its detrimental effects to our health especially in western countries (CDC, 2014). This essay will address the change in attitudes towards smokers in the US, Britain and Russia. In the past, Smoking played an integral role in our social lives. Smokers were highly respected; one

Services Marketing Increasing Customer Participation

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Services Marketing of Increasing Customer Participation. Answer: Introduction: This essay aims to discuss the evaluation of service encounter, which involves the personal interaction of the consumers with the service employees, in the process of availing the service. In todays highly competitive world, the importance of proper and efficient service management cannot be overstated. When an organization is capable of rendering proper service to its consumers, it helps them in providing maximum consumer satisfaction that in turn helps the organization in customer retention and brand recognition. Shostack defined the term Service Encounter, as the particular period, when a consumer interacts with an organization, through its employees, or its physical facilities. The concept of service encounter is very important as if the service being offered to the consumer exceeds or at least meets the consumers expectations, then only the organization will be able to leave a positive impression in the minds of the consumers (Dabholkar , 2015). In case, the consumer has an unp leasant experience with the service employees, he might opt for some another organization. Discussion: A consumer is the real asset of an organization, and as such the quality of service rendered to the consumers, become a matter of paramount importance. On visiting an organization, attention is not only paid to what service is being provided, but also how is it being provided to the consumer. Woolworths, is one of the most reputed supermarket chains in Australia, known for its round the clock service, in its online sale of grocery products. These organizations, such as Woolworths, which provides virtual shopping experiences, to its consumers, must ensure that the employees are quick and prompt in responding to the orders of the consumers. When a call was being made for ordering a few grocery products, from Woolworths, the employees of the organization took considerable time, before one of them responded to the call. However, the employees claimed that too many people called up at the same time, and there was a shortage of time, in responding to the calls in a short time, and hence t here was delay in the whole process. Not only so, the website page of the organization is also not very responsive, and that largely affects the overall reputation of the organization. In the book named, Delivering Quality Service, the authors, Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry, spoke about the importance of RATER model, in evaluating the power of an organization, in satisfying its existent consumers. Here, the RATER model shall be used in order to analyze and measure the extent to which Woolworths, as an organization, is capable of satisfying the demands and the expectations of its consumers. However, for carrying out the RATER audit, a Gap analysis will be carried out, by considering each of the five dimensions of the RATER model (Yan et al., 2013). The RATER model consists of 5 components- Reliability, Assurance, Tangibility, Empathy and Responsiveness ("The RATER Model: Five Ways to Measure Service", 2016). As far as the question of Reliability is concerned, the organization is quite reliable, as it is very systematically organized in reaching out to the consumer, and providing him whatever he has asked for. Since, Woolworths is one of the very few retail organizations that has introduced the concept of e-commerce, it is convenient to place an order, without the need to visit the shop. However, the organization needs to be more Responsive, in getting in touch with the consumers. The service has to be more prompt and accurate in time, because if the employees are opting for virtual shopping methods, they are surely looking for time-intensive ways of getting their goods and services delivered (Sorensen et al., 2013). For this reason, the employees should be provided proper training. Since at present, there are limited number of employees, responsible for taking the order from the consumers at night, the management authority has to hire a few fresh employees. Although, the quality of the goods being delivered by Woolworths, is undeniably high, the quality of service, is not yet up to the mark. Further, the website page is so disappointing, as it is very slow and not very regularly updated, and does not contain many food items, sold in the physical shops of the organization (Lee et al., 2013). Hence, in terms of Assurance, the organization cannot provide a very high quality service to the consumers. It is recommended, that the organization regularly updates its official website page, and trains its employees to repair the website page, making it more user friendly. However, the customer care service is incredibly great, and the employees of the organization accept the feedbacks, both the positive and negative ones, with much patience and adequate care. When the customer service authority was being made awar e of the delay in service, the customer service agent listened about the inconvenience, with great patience, warmth and empathy. Not only so, he apologized on behalf of the organization, and the whole gesture was quite appreciating. The quality of Empathy while dealing with the consumer, can make him feel valued and appreciated, and hence great importance should be attached to the same, while rendering service to the consumers. In terms of tangibility, the employees, the hired workers are more of less being provided with adequate training, to serve the consumers with sufficient care and attention (Soderlund et al., 2013). There are usually various kinds of customers, and each one can be highly distinguished from him or her, in terms of his or her expectations from an organization. There are few customers who usually have a low level of endurance, and as such they would prefer a service that is very quick, responsive and prompt. In absence of tight range of service, these consumers may even opt for other service. In most of the cases, a consumer, while availing the service from an organization, considers the service encounter system, such as the employees interaction with the consumer, physical facility, and other factors an important part of the service itself. Hence, it is important to satisfy the demands of the consumers, more efficiently than the rival organizations. The service expectations of the consumers, can be influenced by various factors, such as word of mouth communication or past experience. In case of word of mouth communication, an individual getting influenced to avail a service, base d on the recommendation of a friend or after watching the advertisement on TV, the expectation of the consumer is usually not very high. On the other hand, in case of past experience, the consumers previous exposure to similar service, may increase the expectation level of the consumers. Keeping this in mind, an organization needs to adopt strategies, that will help in the quality management of the organization (Marr , 2013). Reliability is a very important issue, in any business organization, and it must ensure that the consumers are able to enjoy an uninterrupted service on part of the employees, serving them. In order to meet the consumers expectations, an organization must make its service accessible as much as possible, and if needed, the organization should be taking help of metrics to measure the extent of its consumer satisfaction. For this, conducting surveys on the consumers, can help in understanding the whole situation. When consumers visit Woolworths, they expect a very high quality service, and it is the responsibility of the management authority of Woolworths, to ensure that it is being able to rise up to the expectation level of its consumers.. In absence of the same, the management perception gap will emerge, which gradually ruins the reputation of the organization (Rao et al., 2015). Further, the organization should ensure that there is no market communication gap. Usually, Woolworths s tays true and loyal to the promises, it makes to the consumers, but despite that fact, much complaints were being made, in the recent past, when several consumers could not gain access to the discounts and offers Woolworths promised its consumers, through online shopping mode. The service delivery gap, should also be considered with equal attention (Wilson et al., 2012). This gap is defined as the difference between what the consumers expect the service of an organization to be, and what is the actual standard of service being provided. Woolworths, itself is certified by British Standards Instituition, that ensures that all the products sold by Woolworths, is at par with the safety standards (Vargo and Lasch , 2014). The employees, at the same time, responsible for providing the services, are trained, and since they belong to diverse cultural backgrounds, there is lesser possibility of conflict with the consumers of different ethnic backgrounds. In fact, the employees are well behav ed, and extremely friendly in the way they interact with the consumers. Their responsiveness to the inquiries of the consumers, and a willingness to assist them, once they visit the shop, is quite commendable (Sirianni et al., 2013). Conclusion: The concept of service encounter is highly important. This is because, service encounter is directly proportional to the satisfaction of the consumers, and is indirectly related to the perceived value and trust of the organization. According to Parasuraman, the satisfaction of the consumers depends not only on the products being sold and the services being offered, but also on how the consumers are being treated in the process. Hence, keeping this point in consideration, the organizations are trying to improve each individual service encounter, by bringing change in the structure of the organization, its philosophy or its culture . Reference List: Dabholkar, P. A. (2015). How to improve perceived service quality by increasing customer participation. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 483-487). Springer International Publishing. Lee, H. J., Suh, J. Y., Yoon, K. H. (2013). A comparative study on the effect of experiences on service encounter, customer satisfaction and brand loyalty in the homemade and foreign coffee shop brandsCentered on the moderating role of brand trust.Journal of Foodservice Management Society of Korea,16(3), 197-227. Marr, N. E. (2013). Do managers really know what service their customers require?.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Rao, C. P., Rosenberg, L. J. (2015). Service Provider and Receiver Perceptual Gap Analysis For Effective Dental Specialist Services Marketing. InProceedings of the 1989 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 583-587). Springer International Publishing. Sirianni, N. J., Bitner, M. J., Brown, S. W., Mandel, N. (2013). Branded service encounters: Strategically aligning employee behavior with the brand positioning.Journal of Marketing,77(6), 108-123. Sderlund, M., Liljander, V., Gummerus, J., Hellman, P., Lipkin, M., Oikarinen, E. L., ... T. Liljedal, K. (2014). Preferential treatment in the service encounter.Journal of Service Management,25(4), 512-530. Srensen, F., Sundbo, J., Mattsson, J. (2013). Organisational conditions for service encounter-based innovation.Research Policy,42(8), 1446-1456. The RATER Model: Five Ways to Measure Service. (2016).Mindtools.com. Retrieved 1 July 2016, from https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/rater.htm Vargo, S. L., Lusch, R. F. (2014). Service-dominant logic.What it is not, What it. Wilson, A., Zeithaml, V. A., Bitner, M. J., Gremler, D. D. (2012).Services marketing: Integrating customer focus across the firm. McGraw Hill. Yan, A., Solomon, S., Mirchandani, D., Lacity, M., Porra, J. (2013). The role of service agent, service quality, and user satisfaction in self-service technology

Why Study Accounting Essay Example For Students

Why Study Accounting Essay Word Count: 2681 Justin Denmanand Auditing Processes March 4, 2000 Writing Assignment #1 Revenue Recognition Policies The purpose of this paper is to compare the revenue recognition policies of two companies in the search, detection, navigation, guidance, and aeronautical systems industry. The two companies I have selected are Aerosonic Corporation, and Esco Electronics Company. Esco Electronics Company is engaged in the design, manufacture, sale and support of engineered products. These products are used principally in filteration/fluid flow applications, electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing, and electric utility communications and control systems. The filtration/fluid flow and EMC testing products are supplied to a broad base of industrial and commercial customers worldwide. At the present time, electric utility communications systems are marketed primarily to customers in North America. The four primary industry segments of Esco are Filtration/Fluid Flow, Test, Communicati ons, and other. We will write a custom essay on Why Study Accounting specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In order for Esco to conform with generally accepted accounting principles, management must make careful estimates in preparing the financial statements. These estimates are for anticipated contract costs and revenues earned during the life of the contract. These amounts affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities on the companys financial statements. Actual results could differ from these numbers. Revenues are recognized on commercial sales when products are shipped or when services are performed. Revenue on production contracts are recorded when specific contract terms are fulfilled. These amounts are determined either by the units of production or delivery methods. Revenues from cost reimbursement contracts are recorded as costs are incurred, plus fees earned. Revenue under long-term contracts in which the previous two methods are inappropriate, the percentage-of-completion method is used. Revenue under engineering contracts are generally recognized as certain milestones are attained. The percentage-of-completion method recognizes a portion of the estimated gross profit for each period based on progress to date. Progress to date is based on three factors. These three factors are the costs incurred to date, the most recent estimate of the projects total cost, and the most recent gross profit percentage. Progress to date is assumed to be the proportion of the projects costs incurred to date divided by total estimated costs. This fraction is known as the estimated percentage of completion, and is the estimated percentage of completion. However, he biggest flaw with this method is that it only deals with costs. This means that there may not be strong correlation between physical progress and costs incurred. Conceptually, one would want to match revenues when the earnings process is judged to be complete. Since costs dont necessarily mean physical completion, the revenues may not represent actual completion. However, this method does match all revenues with appropriate expenses. The audit risks associated with this method is that cost incurrence could be accelerated to increase the estimate of the percentage completed. Lets say Esco is performing a three-year contract. For simplicity, lets say the contract price is $1000. The first year of the contract, actual costs incurred to date is $200, and the estimated remaining costs is $400. This would call for a projected $400 gross profit on the entire project ($1000-$600). To figure out the gross profit for the first year, you would take the actual costs to date ($200) and divide that by the estimated total cost ($600). This equals the estimated percentage of completion (33%). You would then take this number and multiply it by the total project gross profit (33%*$400), and that would be the gross profit earned to date. In subsequent years, you would take the profit earned to date and subtract from it the gross profit recognized in previous years. The next company Id like to talk about is Aerosonic Corporation, who is in the same industry as Esco. The primary business of Aerosonic Corporation is to manufacture and sell aircraft instruments to government and commercial users from its plants in Florida, Virginia, and Kansas. Prior to 1996, the company also sold non-munitions components for artillery projectiles to the U.S. government and automotive and truck parts to commercial customers. The companys customers are worldwide. Aerosonic generally recognizes revenue from sales of its products on the accrual basis on the date such products are shipped. In certain circumstances, the U.S. government accepts title of products, even though the products are on the Companys premises. When the U.S. government accepts title in writing, and assumes all risks associated with those products, then the Company records these items as sales. Like Esco, Aerosonic follows the percentage-of completion method to account for long-term engineering contracts. Revisions in costs and revenue estimates are reflected in the periods in which the revisions are made. Provisions for estimated losses are determined without regard to the percentage-of-completion. Like Esco, Aerosonics financial statements are based heavily on managements estimates. To auditors, this raises a red flag. Auditors must be careful when conducting the audits of these particular companies. It is rather easy, and conceivable for management to manipulate earnings to meet projected totals. Another important area is that a company like Aerosonic has one major customer, and that is U.S. government. Another important factor is that Aerosonic recognizes revenue when title transfers to the governme nt. Since the two parties are closely related in a business sense, Aerosonic may have the incentive to push titles of products to the government to meet target revenues. Auditors should take care in determining whether or not the financial statements conform generally accepted accounting principles.

The Upanishads Views Essays - Nondualism, Indian Philosophy

The Upanishads Views The Upanishads views The Upanishads, were mystical and speculative texts. They have influenced Indian religious thought and spiritual philosophy as well as Buddhism and Jainism. The Upanishads define Brahman using how the world it creates. They are the basis of classical philosophies, which is known as Vedanta. According to Vedanta (The Upanishads) there are two different views which identify Brahman. 1) Theistic Vedanta and 2) Advaita Vedanta. Firstly, Theistic Vedanta is something that has to do with god. It explains that Brahman is more of a personal god. Brahman is said to be not totally identical to everything, but all things are part of Brahman. All of this theory is called emarationism. So with this view we can say that there is one god whom is the creator of all being and universe. And everything is a part of this god. Secondly, the Advaita Vedanta, Brahman is like an impersonal force. More like a monistic view, which means that there is only one reality. It says that Brahman is the only thing that can exist . Everything else is an illusion. Here there is an eternal non-dual consciousness. All things are just these consciousness-misperceived illusions. I think both of these views face problems. First the Theistic Vedanta; In this view Brahman is identified as one god which created everything. However I think there is a missing point in this definition. It says there is only one god and it's not identical to anything, but all thing are part of Brahman. In my opinion the concept of being one god, one creator is a supreme thing, god is above everybody and anything. I don't think that since he created everything that everything has to be part from him. To acknowledge god I think that all that is needed to done is to observe the things he created for example, a simple cell of a plant or human, even then one can see it's endless absolute power and these things necessarily don't have to be parts form Brahman. Secondly, The Advaita Vedanta in this view god is seen as a force. It is neither present nor not existing. It says that it's the only thing that exists among everything. Everything we see is a fa?ade and while trying to understand god one should remember that nothing we do or see even our selves is just the illusion of our consciousness. I think in this view the thing I don't understand or I see as a problem is that how come we can feel , touch anything we can see around us like a table , pencil? . If everything is an illusion of our minds misperceived concepts, how come there is life and death . I assume that an illusion should be a trick to the human eye or unreal dreams that are thought to be real . But all these things are not because we can not smell , touch or fell them in the contrary they are temporary. If we weren't real there wouldn't be suffering, poverty and death but there would be eternal perfection. I think both views are satisfactory up to a level. They are both the oldest views of Indian philosophy and it has influenced many religions. For the time that they were practiced ( they still are) The answers they provided were satisfactory for the people. However today for example their definition of god ? Brahman is not enough for m Philosophy Essays

The mission statement for Audi Essay Example

The mission statement for Audi Essay Example The mission statement for Audi Paper The mission statement for Audi Paper Audi is an internationally renowned manufacturer of high-quality cars.  We aim to establish new standards to substantiate our brand claim of Vorsprung durch technik.  The objective of a business can vary depending on what the business does.  E.g. Oxfams main objective is to raise money and the profit goes directly to helping poverty in third world countries. But an organisation like Audi AG will have there main objective to sell top of the range cars to all sorts of clientele and there profits goes straight back into the company. A mission statement gives an indication of what the purpose of the business and dovetails with the objectives the organisation sets itself.  Business objectives are medium to long-term goals or targets that provide a sense of direction to the business. For example in the case of Audi AG they might have an objective to boost Car sales from 20,000 to 30,000.  Companies may have a number of objectives. In general, the objectives pursued by a business tend to vary according to its size, ownership and legal structure. Small business are more likely to have survival as there main objective as they tend to lack the financial recourses to cope with adverse trading conditions.  Larger business will have maximising there profits as there main objectives, especially if they are a plc [public limited company] because they will have shareholders breathing down there neck wanting the highest possible return. These objectives will reflect purpose of the business as expressed in the mission statement and they have a considerable impact on the way in which it operates.Culture describes the values and beliefs of the people who make up an organisation. An organisations culture will be displayed in the attitudes of its staff and the ways in which they interact with other people such as customers, suppliers an colleagues. It will also be shown by the way that decisions are taken and in the management style used throughout the organisation. Role culture.  Many business have traditionally operated in a bureaucratic manner, relying upon agreed procedures and strict hierarchy and roles within the organisation.  Within these traditional or role cultures, employees are expected to behave conventionally. They are expected to follow the rules- individualism is discouraged.  Audi Ag are based on using this organisational culture. It benefits the larger companies such as Audi were there is a strict hierarchy as the table below shows. Person-oriented culture.  A person-oriented culture is characterised by a focus on fulfilling the needs of the individuals within an organisation. It allows individuals freedom to shape theire jobs and operate with a degree of independence.  It is therefore appropriate when employees are highly skilled and motivated. This type of culture may exist within organisations such as firms of accountants and solicitors. Power culture.  Power culture places considerable emphasis on personal charisma and  risk-taking. It disregards procedures and values entrepreneurship. This type of culture Is most common in small business, where a ingle person can have an overview of the entire organisation.  From this table we can see that roles are spread out so managers can concentrate on there specific job roles instead of putting a half hearted attempt in to there job because of the heavy work load.

Juvenile Delinquency and Reoffense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Juvenile Delinquency and Reoffense - Essay Example As the discussion stressers after serving the punishment handed down by the juvenile justice system, the juvenile delinquent is released from custody or supervision. The interest in the effectiveness of the justice system in reforming the individual gave rise to a wealth of literature particularly in the subject of re-offense. This paper aims to determine and discuss the nature of troubled youth re-offense and evaluate the policies aimed in addressing them. In reading this paper, one will come to know that re-offense is more commonly referred to as recidivism and that several socio-demographic, legal and policy-related factors are involved in its dynamics. From this paper it is clear that reoffending is more commonly known as recidivism and is legally taken to refer to the act of an individual committing an offense after being released from a correctional facility. The interest in determining the tendency of an individual to commit a crime again has given rise to several studies concerning recidivism. Maltz conducted a literature review and was able to identify at least 14 working definitions with the most prominent being re-arrest, resentence and readjust/reconviction. An individual is re-arrested once he is taken into custody after being released from custody or supervision after a certain time. This measure is argued to be dubious due to the fact that the arrestee may have been arrested for a delinquent behaviour that he did not commit. In short, the mere act of being arrested is taken to be indicative of recidivism. A child or an adolescent is considered to have been resentenced once he is subjected to a period of custody or superv ision.  

The Non-Smoking Policy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 27

The Non-Smoking Policy - Case Study Example These are the people who will be affected by the cost of healthcare that results from smoking. Smoking in the company will affect or harm the non-smokers in the company (second-hand smoking). Non-smokers will have to put have at the risk of smoking-related illness even when they do not smoke. There is a conflict of interest between the employees and the company as employees feel that random testing and smoking ban is a violation of their rights while the employers believe that the policy is for the benefit of the employees. There exists a tension between the rights of the employees and those of the employer. There are no rights that are being ignored, and no one is failing in his or her obligation. The policy is aimed at ensuring a level playing field for all employees (fairness) - to prevent second-hand smoking and first-hand smoking effects. The issue is an ethical issue arising here is whether those employees who are smokers are being discriminated in the workplace. The issue aris ing, in this case, is the cause of the tension between the rights of the employer and the rights of the employee. Â  The possible alternative to the status quo of the affected employees is quit working at Weyco Inc. and seek for a job at the other USA states where measures against smokers are prohibited. The alternative to the status quo of the company is to fire the employees who violate the non-smoking policy for as long as they do not violate the discrimination laws. To achieve a compromise, both the employer and the employees should arrive at a consensus on the way forward. For example, the employer will have to employ a wellness program that will reward those employees who make lifestyle choices that are deemed to be healthy as part of its occupational health and safety.

Fashion abstracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Fashion abstracts - Essay Example The prelude of my exhibition was fostered on the affirmation given â€Å"The whole art of living is mirrored in fashion† (Beaton 1975). Clothing and accessories are vital elements of studying the popular culture and social history of a given people. Based on fashion on can be able to tell to which class or status one hails from, as well as the gender factor is well determined via fashion constitutes, since the female fashion is way different from the male fashion. Furthermore, the clothing and textile museum was established in 1996 to carter for the storage of fashion artifacts to serve as holotypes of the past culture in relation to the present fashion culture of a people. The exhibition done is fostered on inference done on the clothing ages and the artifacts that’s relate to this ages, for instance, on the dress artifacts we found a varied constellation of dress fashions. Notably, the silk dress (branded sleeves) was a fashion icon of late 1830 and 1180. Furthermore, the museum had a collection of various accessories that went hand in hand with the fashion trend of that age, for example the bell bottom was accustom of the 1970s and a flashy checked shirt acted as its accessory. Within the museum the main chronology of historical accounts stated that a large collection of the clothing artifacts were predominantly from the overseas region that at one point was more advanced in terms of fashion ability. Some such as the waistcoat and women’s pocket was a fashion trend from North America. Some artifacts were picked from different nations such as the paper jumpsuit from Turkey, the inclined boots from Texas State †¦..e.t.c In conclusion, I gained a lot of information on the diversity of culture based on the study of different fashions of clothing. However, the main principle learned was that the fashion world had evolved since time in memorial to date. Nonetheless, the present fashion borrows some

Planning And Policies In The Tourism Industry

Planning And Policies In The Tourism Industry In todays rapidly changing business environments it is an essential activity for every destination, to prevent disturbance in tourism. Mill and Morrison, (1998). The author, say that a destination is highly influenced by the wide-range effects of tourism, it is therefore vital to plan for any development. According to J. C. Henderson, (2005), many researchers have approached the issue on tourism planning and policies through different perspectives; the temporal and spatial evolution of destinations the impacts of development, government growth policies, planning imperatives, marketing issues and topics studied. On top of that, the same author makes reference to the various opinions of different authors who make mentioned about the essential factors that would encourage tourism development at a particular destination Critical influences relate to accessibility (Prideaux, 2000), attraction and amenity standards (Gunn, 2004), awareness and positive images (Johns and Mattson, 2005) associated with promotion and marketing (Buhalis, 2000), a supportive government (Weaver and Lawton, 2002) and a peaceful and stable environment (Poirier, 1997). Planning approach tourism planning is defined as a comprehensive, coordinated and continuing processthat promote the common good of society According to (Stifel, 1990), society benefits and welfare should be the main focus of all stakeholders involved in decisions making pertaining to any tourism development. Moreover, tourism planning has been defined as a process based on research and evaluation, which seeks to optimize the potential contribution of the human welfare and environmental quality, (Tosun and Jenkins, 1998). In the above statement, Tosun and Jenkins, agree with Stifle stating that human welfare is indeed to be considered while planning for tourism development and on top of it argued that tourism should not only look into tourists numbers and economic gain, but such development should be environmentally sound. Importance of Tourism linkage However, planning requires the integration of the tourism industry into other sectorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Timothy, (1999). Timothy argues that tourism cannot operate on its own, (as it is environmentally dependant) and rely on other sectors of the economy, such as; agriculture, industry and transportation, to exist. There is the need to create linkage. According to Nikolaos Karangiannis 2003, lack of an overall integrated policy has limited the contribution of tourism growth to the countrys socio-economic development.[15] Therefore the author mentions that the need to formulae policies for economic restructuring and diversification was eminent. The government in Jamaica decides therefore, to create linkage between tourism, commodity production sectors, and complementary and related services in order to rejuvenate the industry, increase economic gain and competitiveness. Tourism Planning and policies Authorities have a vital role and public investment and implementation of pro-tourism policies can help in ensuring that such circumstances do prevail. (Joan C. Henderson, 2006) Government policy is about influencing the way people utilize their resources and the way they relate to each other (within and across state and national boundaries) and their environment. (Clare A.Gunn and Turgut Var, 2002) state that special competencies are required to understand the functioning of tourism and to formulate policies. They added policies, planning and development is at any scale, from national to local and their purpose and reasons differs from one destination to another. (Taylor 1994), government holds the responsibility for research and guideline development, especially in three areas: travel markets, existing and potential; tourism physical plant; linkages between market needs and physical and physical plant development. Further arguments, by Clare (A.Gunn and Turgut Var, 2002), stated that although government intervention is important to control impact of fragmented development on the environment and society, it has also been observed that capitalistic countries which adopt a laissez-Faire tourism policy by private sector, has very little government intervention. The belief that political serenity, not scenic or cultural attractions, constitutes the first and central requirement of tourism (Richter and Waugh, 1986, p. 320) (Ritcher 1994), agrees with Clare A.Gunn and Turgut Var, stating that the purpose for tourism policies differs from one destination to the other as, for example, in some countries tourism has purposely been directed toward increased immigration in hope that visitors will become residentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦stimulating of investment to increase national wealth according to the same authors it is agreed that excessive tourism growth may demand revision of policies; conservation policies pertaining to environment, policies for land use are some examples sustainable policies. Governments of nations, provinces, states and communities have the choice of doing nothing or doing something constructive about public tourism policies. (Lamb and Davison 1996) Furthermore, developing countries are often anxious to plan but unable to governà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦this cannot be done by a macro-or national-level approach(Cevat Tosun, Dallen J. Timothy 2001).With reference to Turkey, as tourist destination, Cevat Tosun, Dallen J. Timothy, confirm Stifels definition of planning, stating that an over-centralization of tourism planning and poor administrative practices and policies formulation have failed to promote common good of the society, because government reticence and negligence to considering regional and local conditions. Finally according to Clare A. Gunn, Turgut Var, 2002, governments have not only the capacity but also the responsibility of creating, implementing and reviewing policies that plan tourism. [6] According to the same authors, tourism planners need to look into three main aspects, namely, economic, socio-cultural and environmental, when planning for tourism projects for particular destinations. Comprehensive planning process and judicious formulation of policies will surmount barriers to tourism planning in each tourist destination area and lead to sustainable development. Conclusion, empirical evidence through the world clearly shows that the model destinations for successful tourism are those that have embraced the tourism-planning concept (Mill and Morisson 1997). Barriers to tourism development Sustainable Tourism if tourism is to be truly beneficial to all concernedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and sustainable in the long-term, it must be ensured that resources are not over-consumed, that natural and human environments are protected, that tourism is integrated with other activities, that it provides real benefits to the local communitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦that local people are involved and included in tourism planning and implementation, and that cultures and people are respected. (Eber, 1992). The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essentials ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems. Developing indicators for sustainable tourism The most significant attempt so far to develop indicators of sustainable tourism has been undertaken by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) through its Environment Task Force (Dymond, 1997; Manning Dougherty, 1995; Manning et al., 1996). [9] Manning et al. consider that the main purpose of the WTO, in identifying eleven international acceptable sustainable tourism core indicators is to assist planners and decision makers in their tasks. Figure 1 presents core indicators of sustainable tourism (WTO) However, L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, contested that the above framework has its limitations. It is observed that though, the above indicators represent a wise attempt towards sustainable tourism development, no provision has been made for guiding stakeholders in the implementation of same; that is, converting indicator results into management action. Furthermore Laws et al., state that each destination is unique and thus has to consider the destination local characteristics and its own dynamics that may influence sustainable tourism indicators. Policy makers should understand that there is no generic model for several destinations, but indeed policies have to be tailor made according to destination particulars. Moreover, it is of vital importance to review policy and strategy as a destination evolve with time; current policy may not be adequate for dealing with future problems in the same destination. (Laws et al., 1998:9) [10] According L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, Samoas Sustainable Tourism Status Report 2000, is a good example an effective planning tool which assisted Saoma Visitors Bureau in developing appropriate action plans and tourism awareness programmes consequently. Figure 2, is an adapted model of Saomas effective planning and monitoring system for sustainable tourism development, which will be used to assessing planning process in Grand Baie. Theoretical framework for sustainable planning Figure 2 planning process, Source: adapted from L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002 Stage 1. Project Design/ Study preparation Stage 7.Review and improve monitoring system Stage 6. Implement action plan and communicate results to Stakeholders Stage 2. Scope issues formulate Goals objectives Stage 5 plan Action formulation Stage 3. Survey / Develop and screen indicators Stage 4. . Analysis and Synthesis Applying L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002, model on research planning in Grand Baie: Stage 1: Design and study preparation; at this stage there is the need to take decisions for planning, that is to be involved in planning process, (residents, NGOs, Government, District council, local business owners, tourism authority, beach authority; private and public sectors). Define roles and responsibilities of each and every one, getting all stakeholders involved in the project in order to write the study project terms of reference and organize the project. Stage 2: Determine goals and objectives; goals and objective of the development programme are decided, but these are subject to changes and modification. For example, developing alternative forms of tourism in Grand Baie, promoting community-based tourism and cultural tourism (social exchange theory) developing environmental protection programmes for the area, educating tourist and residents towards responsible tourism, improving security having a planning framework adapted to Gran Baie needs, hence designing policies that will regulate tourism activities of the region. Stage 3: Survey and core indicators for the region of Grand Baie; undertake surveys and have an inventory of the existing situation. Grand Baie is known for its; safe lagoon, beautiful beaches, people (hospitality), its tropical climate, shopping facilities, restaurants, beach resorts and peripheries rich in culture and traditions. All of these elements should be given great consideration when planning for tourism. Each destination has its unique characteristics and dynamic context. Survey can also be used to study residents reaction pertaining to tourism, in their locality. Moreover can assist planners establish baseline for sustainable development in Brand Baie. Stage 4: Analysis and Synthesis; once baseline information are collected they need to be analised in order to have the basis for the plan. Feedback received from locals and different stakeholders will help to design policies that will ensure smooth implementation of planning. Stage 5: Action plan formulation: formulation and design of plan will be based on preparation and evaluation of alternative policies. Generally planning is conducted at all levels, from individual to comprehensive planning. (Inskeep, 2000), argue that tourism planning applies same concepts and approach of general planning; however, it is adapted to the particular characteristic tourism system. In this context action plan for Grand Baie, is at local level and should be tailor made. Consequently planners will have to possess strong element of predictability and appropriate skills in attempting to envision the future. Stage 67: Implementation and Monitoring: the plan will be implemented in Grand Baie using different techniques. Policies are here as guidelines to implement plans but above all effective communication among stakeholders is vital. The risk of failure is lower when recommendations are addressed to all stakeholders. Environmental policies for sustainable development, e.g. EIA, has been established by the Government, but the extent to which it is been fully observed are debatable when looking at actual situation in Grand Baie. Hence, it is important to monitor progress in implementing the plan and evaluate the success of the plan in meeting its goals and objectives on a regular basis. Plans generally need to be adjusted over time due to changing goals, changing market conditions, and unexpected impacts. Although the monitoring project is still ongoing and its long-term implications for the sustainability of tourism in Samoa are far from clear, several important lessons can be noted from the Samoa example: the importance of formulating clear objectives before trying to identify indicators, the value of establishing a multi-disciplinary advisory panel, and the necessity of designing an effective and flexible implementation framework for converting indicator results into management action. (L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002) [11] According to L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, stakeholders need to consider space and time-specific issues related to tourism development. Local involvement should be from early stages of development that is, planning and decisions making, to implementation. In fact STD needs to be broadening from critical issues currently facing destination. Tourist Area Life Cycle / Application in Grand Baie Mauritius has experienced significant levels of growth in tourism over the last 30 years. As a result, tourism is now the largest economic activity of the island and many coastal resorts have been developed. Although the island has undergone significant changes between the early arrivals of tourists and today, there is a remarkable negligence of research towards these changes. The stages of Butlers Area Life cycle model will thus be reviewed and tested on Grand Baie, to present the life cycle stage of the destination. According to Butler 1980, destinations go through a cycle of evolution similar to the life cycle of a product. The shape of the TALC may vary from one destination to another, however it will depend upon factors such as; rate of development, access, government policy, and market trend. The TALC model is a framework to understand how a destination and its market evolve, through stages of launch, development, maturity and decline. Figure 3: Butlers Destination Lifecycle Model Adapted from (keyser, 2002) According to Butler (1980) destinations pass through a predictable sequence of six stages. These stages are: exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation and decline or rejuvenation. In each life cycle stage there are changes in the morphology, the types of tourists visitation, and residents attitudes towards tourism. Exploration stage During the early discovery stage of the cycle a small number of unobtrusive visitors arrive seeking unspoiled destinations. These early explorer tourists generally speak the language and identify with the local culture. The social impact in this stage is generally small and resident attitudes are fairly positive towards tourism. Like most products, destinations have a lifecycle. In his 1980 article, Butler proposed a widely-accepted model of the lifecycle of a tourist destination. The basic idea of Butlers 1980 Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model is that a destination begins as a relatively unknown and visitors initially come in small numbers restricted by lack of access, facilities, and local knowledge. This is the case for Grand Baie which was first known as a fishing village and which economy mainly derived from agriculture (sugar cane). Soon adventurers will get to know about the remoteness and exotic beaches, beryl water and the bay that is deeply sheltered. Visitors and host encounter is high but yet the desire for the destination to remain unchained by tourism prevails. At this stage Grand Baie had limited accessibility to the area and lacked of facilities to cater for more tourists. According to Butler 1980, at the involvement stage, local community has to decide whether they wish to encourage tourism and if so, the type and scale of tourism they prefer. Through word of mouth tourists interest to visit the coastal region increases. The residents of Grand Baie will soon realize the possible potential for economic benefits. The willingness to encourage tourism is shared among locals who will cater for the basic needs of visitors. Much effort is being done to advertise the region and attract more tourists. Such a coastal region as Grand baie will inevitably generates mass tourism, due to its fabulous beaches and local attractiveness. Moreover Grand Baie was cheap destination for visitors due to the foreign exchange currency rate. But unfortunately, the thrill of tourism will make population and stakeholders to neglect some important aspects such as sustainable principles; limits on carrying capacity and elements of predictability. At this stage pressure is placed o n public sector for infrastructure and regulatory bodies. Development stage In the early 80,s Grand Baie will know an increase in tourism growth which will force the destination to the next stage of Development mentioned by Butler in 1980. Grand Baie is well known worldwide and demand for the destination has increased considerably. The fishing village has vanished and is now known to be the Tourist Village. Residents in Grand Baie find themselves limited in terms of knowhow and resources to meet the needs of the visitors. Control shifts from locals to big investors from outside the region and public authority to provide expertise, products and services. Massive investment and development took place and soon Grand Baie became a tourist hub. Tourism impacts are increasing with the emerging tourism activities in the area. Natural areas are cleared away giving place to Hotels namely; the Canonnier, the Royal Palm, the Mauricia and the Verenda. All sorts of beach and sea activities are put forward to give visitors a unique experience. At this stage the changing nature of tourism is altered and the very nature of the resort and quality declined through problems of overused and deterioration of natural and manmade resources. Improper planning for Grand Baie is making development to be detrimental. Contact between tourists and local is high impacting on the lives of those involved in tourism. Locals tend to adjust their way of living to accommodate the changing economic structure. For example, women start working in hotels at odd hours, practice which was long ago seen as taboo. Some of the major influences are the effects of westernization, the eating pattern and gender in the form of employer. The public authority becomes involved through infrastructure provision, road access facilities, improving communication network, educational and leisure facilities. At this critical stage it is highly recommended to undertake analysis on the actual situation, to review action plan and monitoring system to ensure sustainability of tourism in Grand Baie. Actually much effort is placed on implementing policies at a national level, relating to environmental protection in order to comply with international policies, but on the other hand very little is being done in terms of security, destination management at peak seasons, social stability and distribution of wealth. If the day, tourism is undeniable, the nocturnal activity of Grand Baie is full. The nightclubs and bars take over the beaches and natural sites visited in the morning. These popular places with night owls are constantly crowded and joyful atmosphere is palpable at any time until the end of the night, and more specifically, the Banana Cafe, a must in addition to being the biggest club in the Grand Baie Village. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Dre_Lee 31 May 2010 Positive Impacts at Development Stage (Grand Baie) The destination grows in popularity Expansion of service and facilities Development of new service and infrastructure Economic growth Employment Better quality of living Negative Impacts at Development Stage (Grand Baie) Decline in local community Natural and built suffers from wear and tear Conflict between local population and tourism Region loose authenticity Loss of Culture, Beliefs, and Values Increase in cost of living Degradation of the Environment Exceeding carrying capacity Prostitution Increase in crime rate Consolidation Stage At Consolidation stage, also known as critical range of elements capacity, tourist number will continue to rise in Grand Baie and the destination becomes dependent on tourism. More promotional and advertising efforts are undertaken in many different ways to maintain existing market and attract new ones. Lots of money is being injected in research and development. There is more pressure on the environment, where tourist number may exceed destination population. The manner resources have been managed in the early stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle will determine the degree of impact and future of the destination. The tourist-relationship is converted into one of business as the novelty of new visitor arrivals declines. The more culturally sensitive explorers move on to new unspoiled areas and are replaced by the mass market. The local authorities and all stakeholders should, through sustainable tourism planning, consider and anticipate actions in order to mitigate tourism impacts. Stagnation Stage Stagnation is the stage where carrying capacity of many relevant factors is reached. Social, economic and environmental problem arise. Social instability that may lead to riots for instance, local people feeling like strangers in their home community, they realize that they have lost their culture, values and norms and that crime rate has increase to such a point that one does not feel secured anymore. Cost of living being too high makes it practically impossible to have a decent life. Those who are rich become even richer while the poor people become poorer. Land becomes scarce and a rise in demand make for land makes a rise in price. Failing to develop further development due to lack of space (land) for these new tourism developments and products, unemployment rate increases. Local people perception changes and local people no longer show interest in tourism sector and indeed think how to spoil new proposed projects. Decline and/or Rejuvenation stage Decline, the area of Grand Baie will not be able to compete with newer attractions, faces a declining market. Falling profits lead to foreign-owned businesses withdrawing and the community is left to pick up the pieces. Unless resources have been effectively managed in the early stage of the Tourism Area Life Cycle then only Rejuvenation is possible. It is important to deal effectively with demand and supply. Professional should work in close collaboration with local community and keep in mind that the development plan should be developed and implemented at same pace to the progress of the community. The supportive attitude of the locals is the bottom line for the success of tourism development. If issues are not resolved this results in a severe drop in tourist number. That is why stakeholders need to increase marketing and promotional efforts. New market strategies develop in line with the re-structure of the tourism industry. It is also important to educate the local community and create awareness of the tourism activity. Training and development empowers the local people to better serve the industry and benefit from the advantages generated by the tourism sector. Corporate Social Responsibility is a very good attempt to mitigate negative social economic impacts. Residents are more willing to become stakeholder of tourism development when such development is a positive force for environmental conservation and for social/cultural enhancement. Moreover, Environmental Impacts Assessment has to be conducted prior to each development plan for sustainable development. Conclusion Tourism is becoming, more than ever, sensitive to and dependent on a high-quality sustainable environment (Eccles 1995; Ing 1995; Nelson, Butler, and Wells 1993). The authors mean that development plan should seek to optimize the potential contribution of the human welfare and environmental quality. Planning should be in respect to the environment for the industry to sustain and keep market competitiveness. Basically approaches to sustainable destination development should look into; formulating development policy and strategies on uniqueness of natural and cultural attraction for the destination, considering physical, biological and psychological carrying capacity, developing alternative forms of tourism that will create linkage with other economic sectors, reviewing national, regional local framework policy and strategy as a destination evolve with time, planners to be concern with all stakeholders in the community, hence, developing a product that sits in harmony with local enviro nment. According to ((L.Twining-Ward R. Butler, 2002) Saoma has known a successful and revitalized torism industry due to its effective planning and monitoring system, framework for sustainable tourism development. According to Butler 1980, destinations go through a cycle of evolution similar to the life cycle of a product, that is, all destinations is bound to reach some point of stagnation and decline where signs of negative impacts become apparent. Destination will rejuvenate only if sustainable management practices have been considered at early stage of development. Harrison, in his research, notes that Swaziland (in the context of life cycle), underwent rapid growth in the British colonial period but has since decline rapidly due to bad planning. Planners and decision-makers should possess predictable skills to anticipate problems before they happen and take preventive actions rather than curative ones. According to the World Commission on Environment and Development (1989), sustainable tourism is defined as development that meets the needs of present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs. However, (Salah S. Hassan 2000) added that using the bes t planning and development effort, a destination cannot grow or revitalize unless it can provide a high level of health care, safety and security for tourists. Finally, development is ongoing and further research is required to monitor the evolution of any tourist destination and evaluate underlying policies. Some obstacles remain and new ones may be confronted so that the future is not without formidable challenges. For destinations to sustain their competitive advantage

Beowulf: Short Story :: Epic of Beowulf Essays

Beowulf: Short Story   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beautiful town of Ventaria, which is located near the southern- most point of Ireland, a once proud colony of people enjoyed the magnificent surroundings and a simplistic life. Brian the Great, beloved ruler of the Ventarians, had been killed by the evil Filth-Sammich. This vile creature, with a crocodile-like build, had a head larger than the immense church in the center of the town. When fully-opened, the mouth of the Filth-Sammich could open wide enough to fit a large tree. It's powerful jaw and razor sharp teeth were feared by all that knew about it. The beasts' torso looked large enough to contain the entire population of Ventaria, and still have room for an elephant or two. Finally, the tail of the Filth-Sammich was so long and powerful, it could wrap around and crush the massive castle of Brian the Great. Although Ventaria no longer had a ruler, fear of the Filth-Sammich kept the locals in line. In order to keep their town, the people had to bring food to the creature, as soon as it was available. They also had to give him all their precious valuables. The Filth-Sammich allowed the Ventarians to eat enough to stay healthy, but nothing more. Before the Filth-Sammich arrived, the people were loyal and faithfully devoted to their respected ruler. The monster lived in a gigantic cave which was a ten-minute walk to the edge of town. It was rumored that when the Filth- Sammich swallowed you, you were slowly digested over a week or two. The beast also made it clear that it had powers beyond the forces of nature that allowed him to mentally witness the actions of anyone within the borders of Ventaria simply by thinking about it. With this in mind, townspeople were obedient and compliant towards the wishes and demands of the Filth-Sammich.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Warriors that were still loyal to their deceased king, had developed a secret signal that the Filth-Sammich didn't pay any attention to. When a warrior asked another about his harvest for the Filth-Sammich, it meant that there was a meeting in the abandoned farmhouse on outside town limits that night. Here, the monster could not detect or observe. When these meetings were held, the soldiers would relax and speak of rebellion against the Filth-Sammich. Drinking and socializing took place in this farmhouse, giving the men a sense of security. They would talk about how they could slay the mighty monstrosity evil-eradicators. One soldier in named Urther announced that he could defeat this terrible fiend. Although Urther was the strongest and most skilled warrior

Law and Morality

Law and Morality Sir John Salmond described the law as ‘the body of principles recognised and applied by the state in the administration of justice’. They are a set of rules and boundaries that are established by authorities which must be obeyed, otherwise, a sanction may be given. Morals are beliefs, values and principles that are set by society or part of a society, determining what is right and wrong. Phil Harris stated that they are â€Å"standards of behaviour†.Unlike legal rules, compliance with moral rules is voluntary, that are often informally enforced through social or domestic pressure. Law and morals are both normative; they specify what should ideally be done and mark the boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable conduct. However, the ways in which they both do this are different: laws are codes of conduct which a superior power has decided should be compulsory. They are formally enforced by appointed authorities and relate to all members of soci ety.One example is the ‘smoking ban’ which was introduced by the Smoke-Free (Premises and Enforcement) Regulations 2007 and more recently the proposed change to the legislation regarding same-sex marriage under the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill, which previously meant that gay marriage was prohibited. Morals can be seen as a set of values which are not enforced by law. They define how one ought to act not how one must act and whilst they are not subject to moral enforcement, they can be informally imposed.There are significant differences between moral rules and legal rules; whereas Laws can be introduced almost immediately by Parliament or the Courts, morals tend not to be backed by legal sanctions and are often reinforced by social pressures; such as family and friends. They can have powerful influences on people’s behaviour, and develop over many years; often heavily embedded in religious and social history. Compliance with moral rules is voluntary and ther e are often no formal punishments.Today we live in a diverse society which has meant that as morals have developed: they have become pluralistic and between individuals or social groups opinions on moral codes now vary. Within Christianity, acts such as abortion and euthanasia are strongly opposed, while other religious groups may not deem these as wrong. Similarly, in Hindu and Muslim communities arranged marriages are encouraged whilst in non-religious communities these are disfavoured.Furthermore, legal rules can enforce strict liability, such as the requirement of wearing a seatbelt in a car or not exceeding a speed limit, whereas moral rules cannot- they can only be broken voluntarily. Legal and moral codes can coincide; law can often be seen reinforcing and seeking to uphold our moral values. For example, Lord Atkins’ ‘neighbour principle’, which is the basis of the tort of negligence and is thought to have derived from the biblical command to ‘love t hy neighbour’ which is also believed to mean do not harm thy neighbour.However, this can be seen as a major problem as morals will consistently change over time, to reflect a change in attitudes, and the law must attempt to keep up in these situations. An example of this can be seen in R v R (1991), which changed the law, so that rape within marriage became a crime. It was viewed that the wife was legally seen as almost the property of the husband, via the marriage agreement. This was view was morally outdated and wrong, yet the law was very slow in adapting this moral view. Another example of how moral change has led to legal change is the case of Diane Blood. Mrs Blood’s husband died from meningitis.They had been trying to start a family and she arranged for sperm to be extracted from him. Following his death she attempted to use the sperm to become pregnant, but this was banned under the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act. She won the right to have the inseminat ion carried out abroad. Under UK law their births had to be registered with a blank where their father’s name should have been. This was held to be incompatible with the human right to private and family life and the law has since been changed. With actions like theft and murder, they are classed as ‘wrong’ both morally and legally.But for crimes such as parking violations they are not seen as immoral, whilst immoral acts such as adultery are not a criminal offence under UK law. If laws enforce morals, then we are faced with the problem that what one person considers immoral, another might not, making it harder to decide which viewpoint it should sanction. This is established in the case of Gillick, where Mrs Gillick sought a declaration that what she saw as an immoral activity (contraceptive advice and treatment available to girls under the age of consent) was illegal regarding its immorality.There was a conflict, as some saw this as immoral (as it would encoura ge underage sex) whilst others felt that it was moral (as underage sex would occur anyway, but this would help prevent unwanted pregnancies). This shows that if such conflict can arise between law and morality, then the two cannot be viewed as equal. There are further disputes that the law should respond to the changing moral attitudes on euthanasia; the British Social Attitudes Survey 2007 found that 80% of people are in favour of legalising it and despite this, there has been no further change.There are various theories on what the relationship of law and morals should be. The first theory is natural law, which is based on morality. This states that there is a higher law to which laws must conform and one should disregard an immoral law, unless doing so would lead to social unrest. Another theory is positivism, which holds a more scientific view of the law and states that if legislation has been correctly made it should be obeyed even if it is immoral. The Hart/Devlin Debate follo wed the publication of the Wolfenden report in 1957.Lord Devlin was a prominent judge and a supporter of natural law whereas the academic Professor Hart was a positivist. The report recommended the legalisation of prostitution and homosexuality ‘should not intervene in the private lives of citizens or seek to enforce any particular pattern of behaviour further than necessary’ to protect others. Hart, who was influenced by the earlier theories of John Stewart Mill, supported the report’s approach, stating that legal enforcement of morals was unnecessary as it interferes with individual liberty.He believed that law and morals should be separate and the state should not intervene to restrict the freedom of individuals. Mill stated that one should not have to follow society’s morals; they should be free to act as they wish, provided their acts do not harm others and Hart only added to this so that their acts also do not harm themselves. Devlin, on the other ha nd, was strongly opposed to the report on a natural law approach. He felt that society had a certain moral standard, which the law had a duty to support, as society would disintegrate without a common morality and this morality should be protected by the law.In this debate Devlin stated â€Å"individual liberty could only flourish in a stable society; disintegration of our society through lack of shared morality would, therefore, threaten individual freedom†. This highlights his beliefs that law and morality are inseparable and the law should in fact intervene in order to support morality. Jeremy Bentham, a philosopher and jurist, rejected natural law theories as ‘nonsense upon stilts’ and concluded that the validity of law does not depend on whether it is good or bad.Ideally, the law should aim to provide the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, but even if it doesn’t, it may still be a valid law. He added that what the law is and what it should be are different issues. Contrary to Bentham, Aristotle a 4th century Greek philosopher based his ideas on the laws of nature. He stated that ethics is all about learning to be a ‘good person’ and you should not do anything wrong unless there is a very good reason to do so. These views have been perceived as a ‘balancing exercise’ as it is necessary to determine the correct way to behave by weighing up the benefits against the consequences.The Wolfendon Report supported Professor Hart’s view that law and morality should be separate, however, various cases decided since the report show that judges are imposing their moral views in their judgements, such as in the case of R v Brown and Others, the defendants had willingly consented to sado-masochistic practices. Despite that this act was chosen, they were prosecuted and convictions were upheld based on public policy to defend the morality of society. The law is therefore seen to attempt to upho ld what it considers to be public morality, even if some may dispute the correctness of that moral code.This is a contrast to the case of R v Wilson, at her request the defendant branded his initials on his wife with a hot knife. The scars led to him being charged with ABH S47. COA held his conduct amounted to â€Å"tattooing† and that it was not in the public interest to impose a criminal sanction, still showing that the public and their moral views still influence our law. The differing approaches in these cases clearly show that judges are letting their own moral values affect their judgements. The courts often find themselves at the centre of hugely difficult moral decisions involving life and death.They are often forced to decide between individual rights and moral codes. Diane Pretty contracted motor neuron disease and was confined to a wheel chair. She required no treatment to keep her alive, but had great difficulty talking, eating and sleeping. She was concerned that her husband would be convicted of a serious criminal offence if he helped to end her life and sought the permission of the court for active euthanasia. The courts reluctantly refused her request. This relates to euthanasia which can be seen as both morally and legally wrong, reinforcing the idea that certain views in ociety share the same moral and legal opinion. On the other hand, only a year later it was decided that ‘Miss B’, who was suffering from a terminal illness and receiving medical treatment keeping her alive, had the right to refuse to continue with the treatment. This was allowed as it amounted to passive euthanasia which is legally acceptable. Society considers it wrong to take the life of another human being and these two cases reflect this moral viewpoint. In the case of Re A (2000), Siamese twins who had their major organs conjoined were both at risk of dying.However, separation of the twins would have led to the death of one of them. The parents were a gainst the operation and wanted to put the girls fate in the hands of God. The courts however, intervened and decided the operation should go ahead; it was considered a successful operation if one girl survived while her weaker sister died. This follows Bentham’s views that overall more people would benefit if the operation were to go ahead, although this has caused controversy over which individuals moral code should have applied to the situation.The influence of both Hart and Devlin has continued into more recent cases further fuelling the debate as to whether law should enforce moral values or not. In Shaw v DPP the influence of Devlin was seen in the decision with the court describing the ‘fundamental purpose of the law, to conserve not only the safety and order, but also the moral welfare of the state. ’ This was also seen in Knuller v DPP which raised the issue of outraging public decency.Hart has had influence on the infamous Sexual Offences Act 1967 as we ll as reforms in legislation such as the Obscene Publications Act 1968 and the Divorce Law Reform Act 1969. A substantial body of English law is based on moral rules: there is a close relationship between law and morals, as the law does uphold moral values: the existence of laws that serve to defend basic values, such as laws against murder, rape and fraud prove that the two can work together. They both influence each other to a certain extent with the highly moral Ten Commandments being the basis for the UK legal systems most fundamentally important laws.On the other hand, alcohol or smoking restrictions do not reflect a moral code as they have no negative effect on other people. The extent to which law should be influenced by morality remains topical, as mentioned before with laws regarding same-sex marriage and euthanasia. While it can be argued that a significant section of society has come to adopt the view taken by Professor Hart, there nevertheless remains a widely shared bel ief that weakening of the moral basis of the law is dangerous.

Compare and Contrast Essay Sample on Parasites

Compare and Contrast Essay Sample on Parasites Creative writing on Compare and Contrast Two Parasites: A parasite is an organism that resides in the living tissue of a host organism mainly for food benefit. Thus, a parasite has its long maturity period inside the host and may cause certain diseases but as for others, they have no apparent harm on their host. Many of the parasites have specificity adaptations allowing them to exploit host resources. In most cases of infections, diseases are endemic through a parasitic mode during their physiological and morphological adaptations. Protozoa are single-celled microscopic organisms that have the similar behavioral functions and complexity of development, existing as free-living or parasitic in nature, which are able to multiply in humans just by single organism infection. Intestinal protozoa are transmitted through an oral or fecal route. For the most part, the protozoa are found where food and water is contaminated by human or animal waste. In its cyst period, a protective cover on the outer membrane allows the protozoa to infect the host through the digestive tract without damage. Thus, develop into a mature organism that is able to nourish and reproduce. Protozoa causes most of the common parasitic diseases, such as Amebic dysentery (Entamoeba Histolytica protozoan). Other types of protozoa that stream inside the blood or tissue of their humans are transmitted through a vector, where an organism transports carries from one host to another, (for an example through a bite wound of a mosquito i.e. malaria). They are considered to cause more death and sufferings to humans than any other type of disease causing -organisms. Amoebiasis infection resides in the gastrointestinal tract affecting a wide human population and therefore, responsible as a major health problem in the world, (Center for diseases and control and prevention, 2011). It can generate to sickness or not depending on the human resistant of the host. Virulence is defined as the extent of damage caused to the host, in other instances Amoebiasis parasites may reside in their host without harm. Unlike protozoa, the Helminths are usually large wormlike creatures, which cannot multiply in their adult stages. On a similar note, they are parasitic and free-living in nature with smaller body sizes compared with their host for survival adaptations. In addition, many of the parasites are reduced to inferiority through a process known as sacculinization .They include the following ;( nematodes) or roundworms that reside in the blood, gastrointestinal tract and the lymphatic system. Ascaris lumbricoides are the largest of parasitic roundworms which mature to almost fifteen inches long in the small intestines. (Flat worms) include tapeworms and flukes. A tapeworm infects the intestinal tract of its host by attaching itself with suckers on their head. Tapeworms depend on intermediate association with hosts such cattle or pigs. Flukes are transmitted through skin contact with contaminated water. They harbor one host for their development and growth; it’s called a direct life cy cle both in their larva and adult stages. While in contrast, if the organisms depends on association of intermediates hosts is known as the indirect life cycles. Ascaris lumbricoides(round worms ) usually have their eggs passed as stool of the infected host and stained brown by bile. In conclusion, (Ascaris lumbricoides) Nematodes and Entamoeba Histolytica protozoan are endporasties, which survive and develop in their hosts; both parasites cannot survive without a host. Many are considered to have long-life cycle on their hosts. If you need a custom creative writing essay contact our creative writing service CustomWritings.com. We will write a creative writing paper for you.

The French Revolution essays

The French Revolution essays The French Revolution was a turning point in France's history. The Revolution began when King Louis XVI called the Estates General to provide money for his bankrupt government. Between 1789 and 1799 many kings, queens, nobles, and clergyman lost their power and status in France. France's government changes drastically over the ten years the war was fought and it will never be the same. By the end of 1788, France was on the verge of bankruptcy. King Louis was a very indecisive and shy king. He didn't care much for politics or people. Through his carelessness Louis chose officials who stole money from him and France. Since France had no money and a large debt to pay the king taxed the citizens harshly. The angry French grew tired of the heavy taxes and riots broke out constantly against the king. Louie summoned the General Estates to meet at the Palace of Versailles for the first time since 1614. Louis had all three estates prepare cahiers. The cahiers were notebooks listing the grievances of each estate. Many cahiers asked for reform. These reforms includes: freedom of speech, a regular meeting of the Estates General, and fairer taxes. The third estate and least influential was also the largest. It contained one million middle class citizens and twenty-four million laborers and working class citizens. The third estate sick of being refused by nobles and being out-voted(not in count but rank) formed the National Assembly. When their normal meeting place was locked for preparations of a royal speech the National Assembly took it as a threat. Between the ten days of June 17,1789 and June 27, 1789, the delegates of the assembly took the Tennis Court Oath. The oath meant that they would not dismember until a fair constitution was written up for France. After many nobles joined the National Assembly the king had not choice but to accept them, but ...

Substandard Prenatal Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Substandard Prenatal Care - Essay Example Both Latin America and Mexico are developing nations that have a modern economy that is encompassed in a rural peasant population. Mexico and Latin America are influenced by the forces of economics, politics, and cultural traditions that contribute to a rate of pregnancy problems and infant mortality that significantly exceeds their neighbors in North America. The issue of prenatal care is an issue that has several relevant aspects. It is a woman's issue, and as such has suffered from gender bias that has pervaded the hemisphere due to the impact of religion and its view of women. As with other women's issues, such as breast cancer, funding for prenatal care is often diminished by the male dominated power structure. However, prenatal care is not merely a women's issue as it impacts males and female alike and is an integral part of a healthy family. In the 21st century, prenatal care has become an issue of basic human rights. It addresses the most fundamental units of society (the children) that are incapable of deciding or acting for themselves. Adequate prenatal care is a broad based program that not only delivers a healthy child at birth, but also addresses the needs of the pregnant woman, her nutrition, mental health, and delivery safety. It should include "Safe and clean delivery, early detection and management of sexually transmitted diseases, infections and complications during pregnancy and delivery and taking into account the physiological needs of the newborn baby" (World Health Organization 25). When these interventions are accessible, affordable, and offered to pregnant women, they can have a substantial effect on improving the health of the newborn child and mother. There has been some increased international focus on this issue as it has been recognized that "the vast majority of infant and maternal deaths and disabilities are preventable through high quality care, detection and efficient referral for complications, and access to the essential elements of obstetric care when needed" (Glei, Goldman, and Rodrigue z 3). While these initiatives are helpful, they are impeded by competing social, cultural, and economic factors. The forces that influence the delivery of adequate prenatal care have particularly impacted Latin America and Mexico, our neighbors to the South. Economics, culture, and politics have all taken a toll on this region in regards to health care. While the external influences of diet and the environment contribute to infant mortality, "maternal mortality is almost wholly attributable to a lack of-or poor quality- prenatal, delivery, and puerperal care" (Casas, Dachs, and Bambas 27). These services are difficult for many women to attain due to cultural traditions that have subjugated women and an economic system that has placed prenatal care out of the reach of the masses in this region. Inequalities based on wealth are one of the biggest obstacles that women in the lower economic classes face. In Mexico, less than 10 percent of all the babies born to the lower economic classes are born in a hospital, but this number rises to 90 percent for the upper economic municipalities (Casas, Dachs, and Bambas 31). Countries in Latin America have mediated this figure by mandating a goal of 80 percent of all deliveries be attended by a skilled professional,

Pg 194 Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pg 194 Case - Assignment Example The band remained true to their calling in offering the best to the public as far as advertising is taken into consideration. In this they remain constant to their intended purpose (Sandra, 2008). From the case in question it’s evident that Black Eyed Peas band had moved forward in their work ‘without missing a beat’ as this chapter reckons. Source credibility is another dimension to look at since many sponsors have the trust that this band will always deliver the very best together with the message they relay in the market .This therefore builds on the persuasiveness of the information to the benefit of the company that own the product seeking endorsement. Consumers will therefore agree with any message that is passed to them as the gospel truth following the credibility of the band. Source attractiveness, on another hand, makes the recipient of the advertising message to identify and gain confidence with the band (Miles, 2011). The source of the message is duly identified by the intended receiver who synthesizes the same to come up with the ultimate decision to purchase a good or a service. Potential buyers tend to feel happy about the advert such that they are even persuaded to try the product on offer. Everyone seems elated to be associated with this band thus any brand that they endorse is likely to find its way into the basket of consumers due to high level of persuasiveness exhibited. The Black Eyed Peas band is best suited to endorse electronic brands and automobiles like Apple, television sets and vehicles. This is so because of the high expertise levels bestowed in them. For example the band had successfully endorsed Samsung’s 3D televisions in Times Square. They can therefore develop ads that suit to endorse an electronic product. On one hand, rock bands can generally be suited to endorse consumer goods like drinks and food. With this therefore they can successfully endorse a brand into the

An analysis the service marketing issues affecting JD SPORTS within Essay

An analysis the service marketing issues affecting JD SPORTS within the SPORTING retail sector - Essay Example It is the intangibles of the business’ operational model that provides JD Sports with its current number two position amongst competition. However, in a market environment in which services are highly homogenous amongst competition, JD Sports must emphasise quality in order to maintain a proper brand reputation and build long-term brand equity. Interaction with staff members within the organisation and the service environment (servicescape) will dictate the depth of relationship with the brand that is perceived by customers (Berry and Carbone, 2007; Grace and O’Cass 2004). This is one of the fundamental challenges for JD Sports: establishing a relevant service marketing model that will enhance long-term brand loyalty which translates into higher profitability and better opportunities for brand expansion into other product lines. Chaudhuri and Holbrook (2001) iterate that brand loyalty is the foundation of being able to establish premium pricing models and also generates essential word-of-mouth advertising needed to gain ground with important target markets. Gounaris and Vlasis (2004) iterate the benefits of achieving brand loyalty to include higher revenues, less vulnerability to a variety of different competitor-generated marketing rivalry, and favourable word-of-mouth advertising. JD Sports, however, has not been able to successfully translate its service marketing model into a viable service methodology to enhance brand loyalty. In this market, it is quite simplistic for competitors to replicate existing service models and merchandise offerings, making it an intricate process of determining an appropriate service quality standard that will not be easily replicated by competition. â€Å"A strong brand is the only asset a company maintains that cannot be copied† (Nandan 2005, p.271). Further, empirical study results illustrate that brands which focus on establishing a brand image generate more loyal

Using an Experimental Technique Essay Example for Free

Using an Experimental Technique Essay Another chemical commonly used is ethanol in the aseptic technique and this too was varied in the amount of time the seeds were soaked before being placed in varying times and concentrations of the sodium hypochlorite. Ultimately, in order to use the barley seeds we need have a sterilization technique that can eliminate majority of fungal contamination while not harming the germination of the chosen seeds. I propose an experimental idea to eliminate fungal contamination from barley seed germination. Materials and Methods Aseptic Technique The working area was sprayed down completely with 95% Ethanol before the seeds were used. The forceps used to transfer the seeds from liquid to media were sterilized using the ethanol. Seed Sterilization Procedure Using aseptic techniques 20 barley seeds obtained from the paper bag kept in the fridge were transferred into sterile distilled water and let to sit in a drawer for 20 hours overnight before being transferred to 100% bleach with a drop of dish liquid (Inatomi and Slaughter, 1971). The seeds were soaked in the bleach for a total of 2 hours before being dipped in sterile distilled water and placed on Petri dishes with minimal media and placed in a growth chamber. The germination of the seeds was monitored for 7 days for any fungal contamination. Results After 3 days the seeds were germinating (13 out of 20) and there was no visible evidence of fungal growth. 5 Days: there were no contaminants. 7 Days: no contaminants. || 3 Days seed growth. No contaminants. |3 Days seed growth. No contaminants. | || 5 Days seed growth. No contaminants. |5 Days seed growth. No contaminants. | Discussion Fungal contaminations can be a problem when trying to germinate seeds and a successful experiment is needed to sterilize the barley seeds for further experimentation. I proposed a sterilization experiment for barley seeds and had success with 65% germination and 0% fungal growth. This sterilization technique could provide a good beginning point to begin other experimentation on germination success of barley seeds, without the hassle of fungal contamination to destroy possible results. The overnight soak in the water forced the fungal spores to begin germinating and thereby making it possible for the 2 hour bleach soak to become more effective in eliminating the fungus and other contaminants from the seed coat. The few seeds which did not germinate could have had too much bleach penetration and therefore killed these seeds, however the success was more beneficial than the failure, and so this novel sterilization technique was effective in its elimination of fungal contaminations while providing a good germination rate of the barley seeds. Literature Cited K. Inatomi and J. C. Slaughter. 1971. The Role of Glutamate Decarboxylase and Aminobutyric Acid in Germinating Barley. J. Exp. Bot. 22:561-571.